Howard's piece was cited in numerous educational philosophy and theory texts in the 1980s and 1990s. Howard connected the term to Horace Mann's experiences in Prussia in 1843 but offered no references or evidence for the connection. ![]() In a 1989 piece in The Phi Delta Kappa, "The Horse is Dead", Dr Leslie A. The phrase has been used by education leaders, including Marilyn Roth of the National Education Association in 1987. Although it's likely that neither Jablonski or Lamb originated the term, their usage represents the terms' first appearance in the media. The Greenville News reported: "The educational institutions are producing teachers for the 1920 factory model schools, Lamb said." Previously, Theresa Jablonski, in a 1970, editorial in the News Herald (Franklin, Pennsylvania), referenced "factory model of education" to describe college classrooms. Howard Lamb in a speech in September, 1972. ![]() The first public use of the term "factory model schools" to describe K-12 education was by Dr. Educational historians describe the phrase as misleading and an inaccurate representation of the development of American public education. The phrases are also used to incorrectly suggest the look of American education hasn't changed since the 19th century. As an example, the "factory model of schools are 'designed to create docile subjects and factory workers'". ![]() The phrase is typically used in the context of discussing what the author has identified as negative aspects of public (or government-funded) schools. Generally speaking, when used, the terms are referencing characteristics of European education that emerged in the late 18th century and then in North America in the mid-19th century that include top-down management, outcomes designed to meet societal needs, age-based classrooms, the modern liberal arts curriculum, and a focus on producing results. " Factory model schools", " factory model education", or " industrial era schools" are ahistorical terms that emerged in the mid to late-20th century and are used by writers and speakers as a rhetorical device by those advocating a change to the American public education system.
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